Fatih Mehmet Özcan

Notes Part 2

22 Jul 2020

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Felfesenin Kısa Tarihi

Ontological Arguments

Covid-19 - Part 2

Boeing 737-MAX 2

Uyghur Part 2

Clearview - The Secretive Company That Might End Privacy as We Know


Felsefenin Kisa Tarihi

(Sadece öne çıkan ifadeler alıntı yapıldı)

Platon

Platon’un ideal devletinde yaşamın her yönü, yukarıdan sıkı kontrol altında olacaktır. Bugün bizim totaliter devlet olarak adlandıracağımız şeydir bu. Platon insanların oy vermesine izin vermenin, yolcuların geminin dümeninde olmasına izin vermekten farksız olduğunu düşünmüştür - dizginleri, ne yaptıklarını bilen insanlara vermek çok daha iyiydi.

Aristoteles

Aristoteles’in dehasının tek bir talihsiz yan etkisi vardı. Öyle zekiydi ve araştırmaları öyle kapsamlıydı ki, eserlerini okuyanların çoğu her konuda haklı olduğuna inandılar. Bu durum, Sokrates’in başlattığı gelenek içindeki felsefe ve ilerleme açısından kötüydü.

Epikuros

…ölüm korkusunun zaman kaybı olduğunu ve yanlış bir mantığa dayandığını savundu. Epikuros bütün felsefesini mezar taşındaki yazıda özetlemiştir: Ben varsam, ölüm yok; ölüm varsa, ben yokum

Epiktetus, Cicero, Seneca

Stoacıların temel düşüncelerine bakmanın bir yolu, Stoacılığı bir tür psikoterapi, hayatlarımızı daha dingin kılacak bir dizi psikolojik teknik olarak düşünmektir. Düşüncelerinizi bulandıran can sıkıcı duygulardan kurtulduğunuzda her şey daha basit olacaktır. Ancak ne yazık ki, duygularınız kontrol etmeyi başarsanız bile, önemli bir şeyi kaybettiğinizi fark edebilirsiniz. Stoacıların savundukları kayıtsızlık durumu, kontrolümüzün dışındaki olaylar karşısında mutsuzluğu azaltabilir. Ama bedel olarak soğuk, kalpsiz bir insana dönüşebilir, hatta bir parça insanlığınızı yitirebilirsiniz.

Augustinus

Tanrı neden kötülüğe izin vermişti? Neden bu kadar çok kötülük vardı? Problemin kolay bir çözümü yoktu. Augustinus, bu problemleri uzun uzun gayretle düşündü. Temel çözümü özgür iradenin varlığına dayanıyordu: İnsanın bir sonraki adımında ne yapacağını seçme yeteneğine. Bu, sıklıkla, Özgür İrade Savunması olarak bilinir. Bir teodisedir, yani iyi bir tanrının acı çekmeye nasıl izin verebileceğini açıklama ve savunma girişimi.

Boethius

Boethius bir düzeyde, özgürlüğünü ve itibarını kaybetmek konusunda endişelenmesinin yanlış olduğunu zaten biliyordu. Bunlar tamamıyla kontrolü dışındaydı. Asıl önemli olan, bulunduğu durum karşısında takınacağı tutumdu, bu da onun seçebileceği bir şeydi. Ancak Tanrı’ya inanan birçok insanın kafasını kurcalayan sorun Boethius’un da kafasını karıştırıyordu. Tanrı kusursuz olduğu için gerçekleşmiş ve aynı zamanda gerçekleşecek olan her şey biliyor olmalıydı. Tanrı’yı “her şeyi bilen” olarak tanımladığımızda bunu kastederiz. …Kısacası Tanrı şu anda her şeyin nasıl olacağını biliyor olmalıdır.

Bundan da şu sonuç çıkar: Tanrı, henüz ne yapacağımdan ben emin olmasam bile, bir sonraki eylemimin ne olacağını bilmelidir. Ne yapacağıma karar verdiğim anda, önümde farklı olası gelecekler belirir….Peki Tanrı sonuçta ne yapacağımızı biliyorsa bu nasıl mümkün olabilir?

Anselmus ve Aquinas

Ancak Anselmus bundan sonra şöyle diyordu: Zihinlerimizde var olan, fakat gerçekte var olmayan Tanrı tasarlanabilir en yüce varlık olmazdı. …Ancak tasavvur edilen bir tanrı, var olan bir tanrıdan daha yüce olamaz. Böylece Anselmus şu sonuca varır: Tanrı var olmak zorundadır.

200 yıl sonra, oldukça uzun bir kitap olan Summa Theologica’nın kısa bir bölümünde, bir başka İtalyan Aziz Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) beş argüman, Tanrı’nın var olduğunu göstermeyi amaçlayan “Beş Yol” belirledi. Bu beş yolun ikincisi “İlk Neden Argümanı”dır. …İlk Neden Argümanı kozmosun varlığını, var olan her şeyi kendisine başlangıç noktası alır. Çevrenize bir bakın. Her şey nereden geldi?

Machiavelli

Ona göre bazı zamanlarda yalan söylemek, verdiğiniz sözleri yerine getirmemek ve hatta düşmanlarınızı öldürmek daha iyidir.

Thomas Hobbes

Hobbes ne demokrasiye ne de insanların kendileri için karar verebilme yeteneğine sahip olduğuna inanır. Hobbes, ruhun varlığına inanmayı reddetmesiyle ün salmıştı.

Rene Descartes

Cogito ergo sum

Kartezyen dualizm zihninizin bedeninizden ayrı, ama onunla etkileşim içinde olduğu düşüncesiydi. Dualizmdi, çünkü iki tür şey mevcuttu: Zihin ve beden. Descartes zihnin bedende, bedenin de zihinde etki yaratabileceğini düşünüyordu, çünkü ikisi beyinde belirli bir noktada -epifez bezinde- etkileşiyordu.

Aziz Anselmus’un Otnolojik Argümanının bir versiyonunu kullanarak, Tanrı düşüncesinin Tanrı’nın varlığını da kanıtladığına kendini ikna etti. İç acılarının toplamı 180 derece değilse bir üçgenin üçgen olmayacağı gibi, Tanrı da iyi ve var olmasaydı mükemmel olamazdı.

Tanrı’nın zihinlerimize koyduğu bu fikirden dolayı onun var olduğunu biliriz, Tanrı var olmasaydı, bir tanrı fikri de olmazdı.

Blaise Pascal

Baruch Spinoza

John Locke & Thomas Reid

George Berkeley

David Hume

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Immanuel Kant


Ontological Arguments

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ontological-arguments/

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Anselm: Ontological Argument for God’s Existence

https://www.iep.utm.edu/ont-arg/


Covid-19 Part 2

SARS-CoV-2

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Test istatistikleri global

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_Turkey

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Airlines:

https://twitter.com/ReutersBiz/status/1245751346227273731?s=20

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-flights/airlines-facing-what-official-calls-deepest-crisis-ever-idUSKBN21J5NC

The transport association said today’s crisis is far worse and more widespread than after 9/11, when U.S. airlines lost approximately $19.6 billion in revenue in 2001-2002. After the terrorist attacks, the U.S. government provided $15 billion to airlines in compensation and loan guarantees.

Congress voted on March 27 to give the U.S. aviation industry $58 billion in a coronavirus rescue package, and Singapore Airlines lined up a $13 billion funding package led by state investor and majority stakeholder Temasek.

In Europe, passenger data from the region’s Airports Council International reveals an even deeper industry crisis than air traffic statistics indicate. As of March 22, the number of passengers traveling into and out of European airports had declined by 88%, or 5.2 million fewer daily travelers compared to a year earlier.

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-healthba-jobs/british-airways-in-union-talks-to-suspend-around-32000-staff-scraps-dividend-idUSKBN21K0PP

British Airways (ICAG.L) said on Thursday it has struck a deal with its unions to suspend more than 30,000 cabin crew and ground staff in one of the airline industry’s most dramatic moves yet to survive the coronavirus pandemic

With BA having already agreed a 50% pay cut for its pilots, the deal focuses on cabin and ground crew, engineers and office staff. The Unite union said under the scheme staff would be furloughed on 80% of pay, with no cap on earnings, and without anyone being made redundant.

In recent weeks Qantas Airways (QAN.AX) put two-thirds of its workforce - 20,000 workers - on leave, while Lufthansa applied for short-time work for its crew and ground staff.

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-germany-lufthansa/exclusive-germany-in-talks-to-inject-billions-into-lufthansa-sources-idUSKBN21K1Q5

Lufthansa has applied for short-time work for around 87,000 crew and ground staff at its core brand until the end of August. Short-time work is a form of state aid that allows employers to switch staff onto reduced working hours during an economic downturn to keep them on the payroll. It has been widely used by German industry, including its car sector.

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The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/01/health/coronavirus-cytokine-storm-immune-system.html

April 1, 2020

But in some cases — as much as 15 percent of people battling any serious infection, according to Dr. Cron’s team — the immune system keeps raging long after the virus is no longer a threat. It continues to release cytokines that keep the body on an exhausting full alert. In their misguided bid to keep the body safe, these cytokines attack multiple organs including the lungs and liver, and may eventually lead to death.

In the case of the 42-year-old patient, the suspected cytokine storm led his doctors to eventually try tocilizumab, a drug they have sometimes used to soothe an immune system in distress.

“Everyone’s talking about cytokine storm as if it were a well-recognized phenomenon, but you could have asked medics two weeks ago and they wouldn’t have heard of it,” said Dr. Jessica Manson, an immunologist at University College London Hospital.

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C.D.C. says all Americans should wear masks. Trump says the rule is voluntary.

https://nyti.ms/2V42pMR

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/world/coronavirus-news-updates.html

April 3, 2020

President Trump said on Friday that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was urging all Americans to wear a mask when they leave their homes, but he immediately undercut the message by repeatedly calling the recommendation voluntary and saying that he would not wear one himself.

“With the masks, it is going to be a voluntary thing,” the president said at the beginning of the daily coronavirus briefing at the White House. “You can do it. You don’t have to do it. I am choosing not to do it. It may be good. It is only a recommendation, voluntary.”

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The World Needs Masks. China Makes Them, but Has Been Hoarding Them.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/business/masks-china-coronavirus.html

Published March 13, 2020

Updated April 2, 2020

China did not just stop selling masks — it also bought up much of the rest of the world’s supply. According to official data, China imported 56 million respirators and masks in the first week after the January lockdown of the city of Wuhan, where the coronavirus emerged.

On Jan. 30, the last day for which data is available, China managed to import 20 million respirators and surgical masks in just 24 hours. Through February, civic-minded entrepreneurs and aid groups visited pharmacies in affluent countries and emerging markets alike, buying masks in bulk to send to China.


Boeing 737-MAX 2

Federal Prosecutors Investigating Whether Boeing Pilot Lied to F.A.A.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/21/business/boeing-737-max-investigation.html

Mr. Forkner could face criminal charges of lying to the government. The company could also be held liable for potential wrongdoing by Mr. Forkner, because he was a senior employee responsible for Boeing’s interaction with the F.A.A. group that determined the kind of training pilots would need before flying the Max.

Last year, the company made public an instant message chat between Mr. Forkner and his colleague Patrik Gustavsson. In the exchange, from November 2016, months before the F.A.A. certified the Max, Mr. Forkner said MCAS was acting unpredictably in a flight simulator. “I basically lied to the regulators (unknowingly),” Mr. Forkner said.

Mr. Forkner never told the F.A.A. group in charge of training that a change had been made to the software, The New York Times reported last year. And in emails with F.A.A. officials, he said MCAS would only rarely activate. Two months after his experience in the flight simulator, Mr. Forkner emailed F.A.A. officials to ask that they remove mention of the software from official training materials because, he said, it was so unlikely that it would ever trigger in normal circumstances.

“Delete MCAS,” Mr. Forkner wrote, “since it’s way outside the normal operating envelope.”

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‘It’s More Than I Imagined’: Boeing’s New C.E.O. Confronts Its Challanges

In a candid interview, David Calhoun largely laid the blame for the company’s 737 Max crisis on his predecessor.

Published March 5, 2020

Updated March 6, 2020

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/business/boeing-david-calhoun.html

Mr. Calhoun formally took over in January, but he has been involved in this mess from the beginning. A protégé of Jack Welch from his time at General Electric, Mr. Calhoun has been on Boeing’s board since 2009, and was elevated to chairman late last year. Before becoming the chief executive, he vigorously defended Mr. Muilenburg, saying in a CNBC appearance in November that Mr. Muilenburg “has done everything right” and should not resign. One month later, the board ousted Mr. Muilenburg and announced Mr. Calhoun as his replacement.

When designing the Max, the company made a “fatal mistake” by assuming pilots would immediately counteract a failure of new software on the plane that played a role in the Lion Air and Ethiopian Airlines accidents. But he implied that the pilots from Indonesia and Ethiopia, “where pilots don’t have anywhere near the experience that they have here in the U.S.,” were part of the problem, too.


Uyghur Part 2

Escaping China doesn’t mean you’ve escaped the surveillance state

They Thought They’d Left The Surveillance State Behind. They Were Wrong.

https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/meghara/china-uighur-spies-surveillance

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She Escaped One Of China’s Brutal Internment Camps For Muslims. Now She Could Be Sent Back.

https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/meghara/china-uighur-xinjiang-kazakhstan

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A Woman’s Journey Through China’s Detention Camps

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/09/podcasts/the-daily/a-womans-journey-through-chinas-detention-camps.html

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How China spies on Uyghurs in Turkey

https://codastory.com/authoritarian-tech/surveillance/uyghurs-turkey-whatsapp-wechat/

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Her Uighur Parents Were Model Chinese Citizens. It Didn’t Matter.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/29/magazine/uyghur-muslims-china.html

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LEAK: Secret Documents Show How China Targets Muslims for ‘Re-Education’ Camps — and Spies on Their Families

https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/epgadw/leak-secret-documents-show-how-china-targets-muslims-for-re-education-camps-and-spies-on-their-families

https://youtu.be/BFJ5zXjdD5U

https://twitter.com/isobelyeung/status/1229444746227134464?s=21

https://twitter.com/isobelyeung/status/1229439739956166657?s=21

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How China Tracked Detainees and Their Families

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/17/world/asia/china-reeducation-camps-leaked.html


Clearview The Secretive Company That Might End Privacy as We Know

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/technology/clearview-privacy-facial-recognition.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share

Further reading

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/21/opinion/facial-recognition-privacy-law.html